Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co., 304 U.S. 92 (1938)

Mr. Justice Brandeis

delivered the opinion of the Court.

The La Plata River and Cherry Creek Ditch Company, a Colorado corporation, owns a ditch by which it diverts from that river in Colorado water for irrigation. On July 5, 1928, it brought in the District Court for La Plata County a suit which charged that since June 24, 1928, the defendants, Hinderlider, State Engineer of Colorado, and his subordinates have so administered the water of the river as to deprive the plaintiff of water which it claims the right to divert. A mandatory injunction was sought.

The defendants admit that in administering the water of the stream during the period named they shut thj head-gate of the Ditch Company so as to deprive it o:: water for purposes of irrigation; but assert that they did so pursuant to the requirements of the La Plata River C ompact entered into by the States of Colorado and New Mexico with the consent of the Congress of the United States.

The Compact, provides that each State shall receive a definite share of water under the' varying conditions which obtain during the year, and, among other things:1

alent to one-half of the mean flow at the Hesperus station for the preceding day, but not to exceed one hundred cubic feet per second.

For the administration of water rights, Colorado and New Mexico each set up an administrative system with the State Engineers at its head. The State Engineers agreed that, in order to put the water to its most efficient use in the hot summer months of 1928, when the river was very low, the whole of' the available supply should be rotated between the two States. In other words, that each State should be permitted to enjoy the entire flow of the river during alternating ten-day periods. During the ten days commencing June 24, 1928, all the water of the river (except small amounts diverted in Colorado for domestic and stock requirements) was thus allowed to pass to New Mexico; and during the succeeding ten-day period all the water in the stream was similarly allowed to be diverted in Colorado. The defendant water officials contend that in so rotating the water of the stream they administered it as required by the Compact and wisely.

The La Plata River rises in the mountains of Colorado, flows in a southerly direction until it reaches the boundary of New Mexico and in the latter State until it empties into the San Juan River. The stream is non-navigable; has a narrow watershed; and a large run-off in the early spring. Then the quantity flowing begins to fall rapidly;

and during the summer months little water is available for irrigation. In each State the wkter of the stream has long been used for irrigation; and each adopted the so-called appropriation dpctrine of water use.2 Undér that-doctrine the first person who acts toward the diversion of water from a natural stream and the application of such water to a beneficial use has the first right, provided he diligently continues his enterprise' to completion and beneficially applies the water. The rights of subsequent appropriations are subject to rights already held in the stream.

The relative rights of all claimants to divert in Colorado water from the' La Plata River were adjudicated in a proceeding under the Colorado statutes., By decree therein of January 12, 1898 (and later amended) the Ditch Company was declared entitled to diyert 39% cubic feet of water per second, subject to five senior priorities aggregating 19 second feet. On June 24, 1928, -there was in the stream, at the recognized Colorado gauging station, 57 second feet of water. The Ditch Company claimed that by reason of the 1898 decree it was entitled to all the water in the stream except that required to satisfy the Colorado priorities. If it had been permitted to draw all that water, none would have been available to the New Mexico water claimants, who, under similar laws, had made appropriations. Some of them were earlier in date than the Ditch Company’s.

The case was first heard in the District Court on evidence in 1930. The Ditch Company objected at the trial to the admission or consideration of the Compact. It insisted that the Compact attempted to surrender to New Mexico, and thus destroy, vested property rights of Colorado citizens; that this is a violation of the obligations of its contract; and that the Compact in so far as it “applies or is intended to apply to private rights of the individuals or citizens of Colorado, or to be used as a defense of or justification for the acts of the State Engineer or his subordinates in interfering with or violating the private rights of citizens of Colorado, or in attempting to disregard,-ignore’or set aside the decrees of this [District] Court for the distribution of water in accordance with the decrees, is- unconstitutional and void” in violation of the due process clauses of the Fifth áiid Fourteenth Amendments of the Federal Constitution and of § 25 of the Constitution of Colorado.

The District Court overruled the objection; found in substance the facts stated above; held that the Compact justified .the action of'defendants; and entered a decree that the bill be dismissed, each party to bear its own costs. That judgment was reversed by the Supreme Court of the State (one judge dissenting), La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co. v. Hinderlider, 93 Colo. 128; 25 P. 2d 187. The opinion declared:

An appeal to this Court was dismissed for want of final judgment below. Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry

Creek Ditch Co., 291 U. S. 650. The case was then retried by the District Court on the same pleadings and evidence; and, pursuant to the opinion of the Supreme Court of Colorado, a decree was entered which, after reciting in substance the facts above stated, declared:

The decree specifically:

This second judgment of the trial court was affirmed by the Supreme Court of the State; an additional opinion being delivered by the court, and a dissent by a different justice. 101 Colo. 73; 70 P. 2d 849. An appeal to this Court was allowed by the Acting Chief Justice of the State.3 Pursuant to the Act of Congress, August 24, 1937, c. 754, 50 Stat. 751, the attention of the Attorney. Gen

eral of the United States was directed to the contention that the validity of a federal statute is involved, 302 U. S. 646. He filed memoranda in which he contended that:

Opposing some of the views expressed by the Attorney General, a brief was filed on behalf of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Virginia, the Port of New York Authority and the Delaware River Joint Commission.

. The Ditch Company moved to dismiss the appeal, contending, among other things, that the mere fact that the Compact was .approved by Congress does not make it a federal statute within the meaning of the jurisdictional act authorizing appeals. Decision on the motion, to dismiss was postponed to the hearing on the merits. For reasons to be stated, we are of opinion that -the case is not reviewable on appeal; that it presents a federal question reviewable on certiorari; that because of its importance certiorari should be granted; and that the judgment must be reversed.

First. As the La Plata River, flows from Colorado into New- Mexico and in each State the water is used beneficially, it must be equitably apportioned’between the two. The decision below in effect ignores that rule. It holds immaterial the fact that the acts complained of were being done in compliance with the Compact, and does so on the ground that the Compact in authorizing diversion and rotation violated rights awarded by the January 12, 1898 decree in the Colorado water proceeding; holds that the decree awarded to the Ditch Company the right to divert from the river 39% cubic feet per second (subject

only to the senior Colorado priorities of 19 second feet), even if by so doing it, exhausts the whole flow of the stream and leaves nothing for the New Mexico claimants; and holds that the right so awarded is a vested property right which the two States, although acting with the consent of the United States, lacked power to diminish or modify except by a condemnation proceeding and payment of compensation. No such proceeding was provided for in the Compact and none was had otherwise.

It may be assumed that the right adjudicated by the decree of January 12, 1898 to the Ditch Company is a property right, indefeasible so far as concerns the State of Colorado, its citizens, and any other person claiming water rights there. But the Colorado decree could not confer upon the Ditch Company rights in excess of Colorado’s' share of the water of the stream; and its share was only an equitable portion thereof.

The claim that on interstate streams the upper State has such ownership or control of the whole stream as entitles it to divert all the water, regardless of any injury or prejudice to the lower State, has been made by Colorado in litigation concerning other interstate streams, but has been consistently denied by this Court. The rule of equitable apportionment was settled by Kansas v. Colorado, 206 U. S. 46, 97. It was discussed again in Wyoming v. Colorado, 259 U. S. 419, 466, where the Court said:

Kansas v. Colorado and was adjudged untenable. Further consideration satisfies us that the ruling was right.”

And in New Jersey v. New York, 283 U. S. 336, 342-43, the Court said of an interstate stream:

The decree obviously is not res judicata so far as concerns the State of New Mexico and its citizens who claim the right to divert water from the stream in New Mexico. As they were not parties to the Colorado proceedings, they remain free to challenge the claim of the Ditch Company that it is entitled to take in Colorado all the water of the stream and leave nothing for them.4

Second. The declared purpose of the Compact was, as the preamble recites, equitable apportionment: .

E. Carpenter, for the State of Colorado, and Stephen B. Davis, Jr., for the'State of New Mexico, who have agreed upon the following articles.”

The Supreme Court of Colorado held the Compact unconstitutional, because, for aught that appears, it embodies not a judicial, or quasi-judicial, decision of controverted ..rights, but a trading compromise of conflicting claims. The assumption that a judicial or quasi-judicial decision of the controverted claims is essential to the validity of a compact adjusting them, rests upon misconception. It ignores the history and order of development of the two means provided by the Constitution for adjusting interstate controversies. The compact — the legislative , means — adapts' to our Union of sovereign States the age-old treaty-making power 'of independent sovereign nations. Adjustment by compact without a judicial or quasi-judicial determination of-existing rights had been practiced in the Colonies,5 was practiced by the States before the adoption of thé Constitution,6 and had been extensively practiced in the United States for nearly half a century before' this Court first applied the judicial means in settling the boundary dispute in Rhode Island v. Massachusetts, 12 Pet. 657, 723-25.7

The extent of the existing equitable rights of Colorado and of New Mexico in the La Plata River could ob

viously have been determined by a suit in this Court, as was done in Kansas v. Colorado, supra, in respect to rights in the Arkansas River and in Wyoming v. Colorado, supra, in respect to the Laramie.8 But resort to the judicial remedy is never essential to the adjustment of interstate controversies, unless the States are unable to agree upon the terms of a compact, or Congress refuses its consent. The difficulties incident to litigation have led States to resort, with frequency, to adjustment of their controversies by compact, even where the matter in dispute was the relatively simple one of a bpundary. In two such cases this Court suggested “that the parties endeavor with the consent of Congress to adjust their boundaries.” Washington v. Oregon, 214 U. S. 205, 217, 218; Minnesota v. Wisconsin, 252 U. S. 273, 283.9 In New York v. New Jersey, 256 U. S. 296, 313, which involved a more intricate problem of rights in interstate waters, the recommendation that treaty-making be resorted to was more specific;10 and compacts for the apportion

ment of the water of interstate streams have been common.11

Third. Whether the apportionment of the water of an interstate stream be made by compact between “the upper and lower States with, the consent of Congress or by a decree of this Court, the apportionment is binding upon the citizens of each State and all water claimants, even where the State had granted the water rights before it entered into the compact. That the private rights of grantees of a State aré determined by the adjustment by compact of a disputed boundary was settled a century ago in Poole v. Fleeger, 11 Pet. 185, 209, where the Court said:

In Rhode Island v. Massachusetts, 12 Pet. 657, 725, the Court, discussing the origin and scope of the Compact clause, said:

“If Congress consented, then the States were in this respect restored to their original inherent sovereignty; such consent being the sole limitation imposed , by the Constitution,' when given, left the States as they were before, as held by this Court in Poole v. Fleeger, 11 Pet. 209; where, by their compacts became of binding force, and finally settled .the boundary between them; operating with the same effect as a treaty between sovereign powers. .That is, that the boundaries so established and fixed by compact between nations, become conclusive upon all subjects and citizens thereof, and bind their rights; and are to be treated to all intents and purposes, as the true real bound-1 aries.”

See also Garcia v. Lee, 12 Pet. 511, 521; Coffee v. Groover, 123 U. S. 1, 29, 30, 31; Virginia v. Tennessee, 148 U. S. 503, 525.

The rule as applied to the apportionment by judicial decree of the water of an interstate stream was stated in Wyoming v. Colorado, 286 U. S. 494, 508:

rado, and those in Wyoming, were represented by their respective States and are bound by the decree.”

Fourth. As the Stales had power to bind by compact their respective appropriators by division of the flow, of the stream, they had power to reach that end either by providing for a continuous equal division, of the water from time to time in the stream, or by providing for alternate periods of flow to the one State and to the other of all the wáter in the stream. To secure “the greatest beneficial use of” the water in the stream, the Compact provided that the water may be “rotated between the two States, in such manner for such periods, and to continue for such time as the State Engineers may jointly determine.” That such alternate rotating flow was then a more efficient use of the stream than if the flow had been steadily divided equally between the Colorado and the New Mexico appropriators was conclusively established by the evidence. That is, the rotating supply,which the Compact authorized, and the two State Engineers agreed upon, was clearly more beneficial to the Ditch Company than to have given to it and other Colorado appropriators steadily one-half of the water in the river. The- delegation to the State Engineers of the authority to determine when the waters should be so rotated was a matter of detail clearly within the constitutional power. There is no claim that the authority conferred was abused.

Fifth. As Colorado possessed the right only to án equitable share of the water in the stream, the decree of January 12, 1898, in the Colorado water proceeding did not award to the Ditch Company any right greater than the equitable share. Hence the apportionment made by the Compact can not have taken-from the Ditch Company any vested right, unless there was in the proceedings leading up to the Compact or in its application, some vitiating infirmity. No such infirmity or illegality

has been shown. There is no allegation in the pleadings, no evidence in the record, no suggestion in brief or argument, that the apportionment agreed upon by the commissioners was entered into without due enquiry; or that it was not an honest exercise of judgment; or even that it was, or is, inequitable. The fact that the appointment of the Joint Commissioners was authorized in 1921, that their agreement was not adopted by the States' until 1923, and that it was not approved by Congress until 1925 shows that there was ample time for consideration by all concerned. There is no suggestion that the Ditch Company, or indeed anyone else, was denied by the commissioners opportunity to be heard; or even that any water claimant objected to the terms of the Compact. It appears that although the State of Colorado was not permitted :to intervene in this litigation, Colorado v. La Plata River & C. C. Ditch Co., 101 Colo. 368; 73 P. 2d 997, its Attorney General represented the State's, water officials. Moreover, the Compact provides in Article VI that it “may be modified or terminated at any time by mutual consent”; and there is not even a suggestion that'either State, or the Ditch Company, has expressed, a desire to modify or terminate it.

Sixth. The water officials rely .for their defense upon the rule requiring equitable apportionment of the water of an interstate stream and the action of Congress in approving the adjustment of the equitable apportionment which the States made by their compacts. The assent of Congress to the compact between Colorado and New Mexico does not make it a “treaty or statute of the United States” within the meaning of § 237 (a) of the Judicial Code, and no question as to the validity of the. consent is presented. People v. Central Railroad, 12 Wall. 455. A claim based on the equitable interstate apportionment of water, like one "based on the proper location of a State boundary, is not within the provisions of

§ 237. (a). Rust Land & Lumber Co. v. Jackson, 250 U. S. 71. The appeal must therefore be dismissed. But in holding that the State Engineer and his subordinates should .be enjoined from taking action required by the Compact the State Court denied an important. claim under the Constitution which may be reviewed on certiorari by this Court under § 237 (b). For the decision below necessarily rests upon the premise that at the time the Compact was made Colorado was absolutely entitled to at least 58% cubic feet of water per second regardless of the amount left for New Mexico. The judgment cannot stand if this determination is erroneous. For whether. the water of an interstate stream must be apportioned between the two States is a question of “federal common law” upon which neither the statutes nor the decisions of either State can be conclusive. Kansas v. Colorado, 206 U. S. 46, 95, 97-98; Connecticut v. Massachusetts, 282 U. S. 660, 669-71; New Jersey v. New York, 283 U. S. 336, 342-43; Washington v. Oregon, 297 U. S. 517, 528. Jurisdiction over controversies concerning rights in interstate streams is not different from those concerning boundaries. These have been recognized as presenting federal questions.12

It has been suggested that this Court lacks jurisdiction to determine the validity and effect of the Compact because Colorado and New Mexico, the parties to it, are not

parties 'to this suit and cannot be made so. The contention is unsound. The cases are many where title to land dependent upon the boundary between States has been passed upon by this Court upon review of judgments of federal and of State courts - in suits between private litigants.13

Mr. Justice Cardozo took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.