Ramming v. United States, 281 F.3d 158 (5th Cir. 2001)

PER CURIAM:

John Thomas Cloud (“Appellant”) appeals the district court’s dismissal of Appellant’s action against the United States (“Appellee”) for malicious prosecution and other prosecutorial misconduct as time-barred. We AFFIRM.

I. BACKGROUND

In 1994, a federal jury indicted Appellant and several co-defendants on a 27-count indictment for bank fraud, wire fraud, and other offenses. The case was tried in a non-jury proceeding from November 1995 through January 1996. On January 12, 1996, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas, Kenneth M. Hoyt, J., granted Appellant’s and co-defendants’ motion for acquittal and dismissal on the basis of prose-cutorial misconduct citing, inter alia, the following litany of misconduct in support thereof:

United States v. Ramming, 915 F.Supp. 854, 867-68 (S.D.Tex.1996).

On November 26, 1997, Appellant filed a voluntary Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition, and on September 9,1999, Appellant’s plan of reorganization was confirmed by the bankruptcy court. On March 18, 1999, Appellant presented his administrative claim of malicious prosecution against Ap-pellee and also presented a supplemental claim on November 1, 1999. On October 20, 1999, Appellant’s administrative claim was denied.

On December 30, 1999, Appellant filed his prosecutorial misconduct action against Appellee in federal court. The District Court for the Southern District of Texas, Vanessa D. Gilmore, J., dismissed Appellant’s claim under Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Judge Gilmore held that Appellant’s claim was time-barred under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2401(b).

Judge Gilmore’s order of December 30, 1999, also rejected Appellant’s argument that Appellant was entitled to a two-year extension of the FTCA limitations period as of the date of his November 26, 1997, bankruptcy filing pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 108(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. In rejecting Appellant’s argument, Judge Gilmore held that Appellant was entitled to the sixty-day extension of the limitations period available under 11 U.S.C. § 108(b), but, in any event, the sixty-day period had also expired prior to the time Appellant filed his malicious prosecution suit.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court evaluates de novo the district court’s grant of Appellee’s Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) motion for dismissal applying the same standard used by the district court. Hebert v. United States, 53 F.3d 720, 722 (5th Cir.1996).

Motions filed under Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allow a party to challenge the subject matter jurisdiction of the district court to hear a case. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). Lack of subject matter jurisdiction may be found in any one of three instances: (1) the complaint alone; (2) the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts evidenced in the record; or (3) the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court’s resolution of disputed facts. Barrera-Montenegro v. United States, 74 F.3d 657, 659 (5th Cir.1996).

The burden of proof for a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss is on the party asserting jurisdiction. McDaniel v. United States, 899 F.Supp. 305, 307 (E.D.Tex.1995). Accordingly, the plaintiff constantly bears the burden of proof that jurisdiction does in fact exist. Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511 (5th Cir.1980).

When a Rule 12(b)(1) motion is filed in conjunction with other Rule 12 motions, the court should consider the Rule 12(b)(1) jurisdictional attack before addressing any attack on the merits. Hitt v. City of Pasadena, 561 F.2d 606, 608 (5th Cir.1977) (per curiam). This requirement prevents a court without jurisdiction from prematurely dismissing a case with prejudice. Id. The court’s dismissal of a plaintiffs case because the plaintiff lacks subject matter jurisdiction is not a determination of the merits and does not prevent the plaintiff from pursuing a claim in a court that does have proper jurisdiction. Id.

In examining a Rule 12(b)(1) motion, the district court is empowered to consider matters of fact which may be in dispute. Williamson v. Tucker, 645 F.2d 404, 413 (5th Cir.1981). Ultimately, a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction should be granted only if it appears certain that the plaintiff cannot prove any set of facts in support of his claim that would entitle plaintiff to relief. Home Builders Ass’n of Miss., Inc. v. City of Madison, Miss., 143 F.3d 1006, 1010 (5th Cir.1998).

Motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim are appropriate when a defendant attacks the complaint because it fails to state a legally cognizable claim. Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). The test for determining the sufficiency of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) was set out by the United States Supreme Court as follows: “[A] complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957). See also, Grisham v. United States, 103 F.3d 24, 25-26 (5th Cir.1997).

Subsumed within the rigorous standard of the Conley test is the requirement that the plaintiffs complaint be stated with enough clarity to enable a court or an opposing party to determine whether a claim is sufficiently alleged. Elliott v. Foufas, 867 F.2d 877, 880 (5th Cir.1989). Further, “the plaintiffs complaint is to be construed in a light most favorable to the plaintiff, and the allegations contained therein are to be taken as true.” Oppenheimer v. Prudential Securities Inc., 94 F.3d 189, 194 (5th Cir.1996). This is consistent with the well-established policy that the plaintiff be given every opportunity to state a claim. Hitt, 561 F.2d at 608. In

other words, a motion to dismiss an action for failure to state a claim “admits the facts alleged in the complaint, but challenges plaintiffs rights to relief based upon those facts.” Tel-Phonic Servs., Inc. v. TBS Int’l, Inc., 975 F.2d 1134, 1137 (5th Cir.1992). Finally, when considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the district court must examine the complaint to determine whether the allegations provide relief on any possible theory. Cinel v. Connick, 15 F.3d 1338, 1341 (5th Cir.1994).

III. DISCUSSION

The FTCA mandates that

28 U.S.C. § 2401(b) (1994). Although phrased in the disjunctive, “this statute requires a claimant to file an administrative claim within two years [of accrual] and file suit within six months of its denial.” Houston v. United States Postal Serv., 823 F.2d 896, 902 (5th Cir.1987) (emphasis in original). See also Willis v. United States, 719 F.2d 608, 612 (2d Cir.1983); Schuler v. United States, 628 F.2d 199, 201 (D.C.Cir.1980).

Here, the threshold issue is determining when Appellant’s claim accrued. Appellant contends that his claim did not accrue at the time of his acquittal in January 1996 but only accrued in December 1998 when one of his acquitted co-defendants discovered the contents of the grand jury transcripts which had led to Appellant’s and his co-defendants’ original indictment. Appellee contends, however, that Appellant’s claim accrued, and the limitations period began to run, when Appellant was acquitted.

Before a malicious prosecution claim can accrue, the underlying criminal proceeding must terminate in the plaintiffs favor. Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 489, 114 S.Ct. 2364, 129 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994). Based on the repeated instances of prosecutorial misconduct enumerated by Judge Hoyt, Appellant and his co-defendants were acquitted of all charges on January 12, 1996. Thus, the proceeding was terminated in Appellant’s favor.

A cause of action under federal law accrues within the meaning of § 2401(b) “when the plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the injury which is the basis of the action.” Brown v. Nationsbank Corp., 188 F.3d 579, 589-90 (5th Cir.1999) (internal quotes and citations omitted), cert. denied, 530 U.S. 1274, 120 S.Ct. 2740, 147 L.Ed.2d 1004 (2000). In FTCA cases,

United States v. Kubrick, 444 U.S. 111, 123, 100 S.Ct. 352, 62 L.Ed.2d 259 (1979).

Ascertaining Appellant’s awareness of the existence of a possible cause of action has two elements: “(1) [t]he existence of the injury; and (2) causation, that is, the connection between the injury and the defendant’s actions.” Piotrowski v.

City of Houston, 51 F.3d 512, 516 (5th Cir.1995). As to causation, Appellant

Id. (internal quotes and citations omitted).

Certainly, Judge Hoyt’s unequivocal iteration of examples of prosecutorial misconduct leaves little doubt that, at the time of Appellant’s acquittal, Appellant had ample evidence of essential facts which would support the possible existence of a claim for malicious prosecution. At the very least, Appellant was in a position “to seek professional advice” from a lawyer or other expert, and “then, with that advice, to conclude that there was a causal connection between [Appellee’s acts] and [Appellant’s] injury.” Id. See also Brown v. United States, 653 F.2d 196, 199 (5th Cir.1981) (holding that, in a malicious prosecution action under Texas law, malice may be inferred from the lack of probable cause or the conclusion that the government acted in reckless disregard of an individual’s rights). Further, the “requirement of diligent inquiry imposes an affirmative duty on the potential plaintiff to proceed with a reasonable investigation in response to an adverse event.” Pacheco v. Rice, 966 F.2d 904, 907 (5th Cir.1992).

The difficulty here is that Appellant did not conduct an inquiry, diligent or otherwise, even though Appellant knew or had reason to know of the injury forming the basis of a possible malicious prosecution claim as of January 12, 1996. We are not free to construe § 2401(b) so as to defeat its obvious purpose of encouraging the prompt presentation of claims, Kubrick, 444 U.S. at 118, 100 S.Ct. 352, and we discern no sound reason for visiting the consequences of Appellant’s investigative omission upon Appellee by delaying the accrual of Appellant’s claim. Id. at 124, 100 S.Ct. 352. Therefore, because Appellant knew or should have known of his injury and the causal connection between his injury and Appellee’s conduct as of the date of Appellant’s acquittal, this Court finds that Judge Gilmore did not err in holding that Appellant’s claim for malicious prosecution accrued on January 12, 1996.

Having determined that the accrual date of Appellant’s claim was January 12, 1996, we now turn to Appellant’s argument that the FTCA limitations period was tolled for two years as of the filing of his Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition on November 26, 1997. Appellant bases his contention on § 108(a) of the Bankruptcy Code which provides:

11 U.S.C. § 108(a) (1993).

Appellant argues that his March 18, 1999, FTCA claim presentment was timely because § 108(a) extends the limitations

period to “commence an action” for two years after the order for relief, i.e., November 26, 1997, to November 26, 1999. Alternatively, Appellant argues that tolling is appropriate because the bankruptcy court ordered on September 9, 1999, that “all limitations periods for any other claims under applicable law are tolled and extended until this case is closed or a final decree is entered.”

Appellee argues, however, that presentment of an administrative claim does not constitute an “action” within the meaning of § 108(a) and, therefore, Appellant’s limitations period is controlled by the sixty-day extension contained in § 108(b). Section 108(b) provides:

11 U.S.C. § 108(b) (1993). Appellee contends that Appellant’s March 1999 administrative claim qualifies as “any pleading, demand, notice or proof of claim or loss, ... or [ ] any other similar act” as required by § 108(b). Thus, Appellee argues that under § 108(b) Appellant had until on or about January 26, 1998, sixty days after his Chapter 11 filing, to present his administrative claim.

The resolution of this issue is controlled by this Court’s binding precedent set forth in TLI, Inc. v. United States, 100 F.3d 424 (5th Cir.1996). In TLI, this Court held that the filing of an administrative claim does not constitute the commencement of an “action” under § 108(a). Id. at 427 (citing In re Carter, 125 B.R. 832, 836 (Bkrtcy.D.Kan.1991); In re Howard Industries, Inc., 170 B.R. 358, 361-62 (Bkrtcy.S.D.Ohio 1994)). The term “commencement of an action” in § 108(a) applies only to “the bringing of suit in court” and not to administrative proceedings that may precede such a suit. Id. This Court reasoned that “an action in its usual legal sense means a lawsuit brought in a court; a formal complaint brought within the jurisdiction of a court of law.” Id. (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 28 (6th ed.1990)). See also Fed.R.Civ.P. 3 (defining “Commencement of Action” as follows: “A civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court”).

Although Appellant’s March 1999 administrative “claim” was an essential legal prerequisite to his malicious prosecution action filed in federal court, Appellant’s “action” was not commenced until December 30, 1999, when Appellant filed suit in federal court. At that time, not only had the two-year FTCA claim presentment limitations period expired, i.e., January 12, 1996, to January 12, 1998; but, even if § 108(a) applied as argued by Appellant, the two-year “commencement of the ease” limitations period after the order for relief under § 108(a) had also expired, i.e., November 26, 1997, to November 26, 1999.

Appellant suffers a similar fate under application of § 108(b), which allows only a sixty-day extension after the order for relief. Under § 108(b), Appellant was re

quired to present his FTCA administrative claim sixty days after November 26, 1997, ie., by January 25, 1998. Consequently, Appellant’s March 18, 1999, presentment of claim was also time-barred.

Similarly inconsequential is Appellant’s argument urging us to give effect to the bankruptcy court’s September 9, 1999, order tolling “all limitations periods for all other claims under applicable law” until the bankruptcy case was closed or a final decree was entered. We agree with Ap-pellee that the bankruptcy court had no jurisdiction on September 9, 1999, to order the tolling of a limitations period which had expired approximately twenty months earlier, ie., January 13,1998.

Limitations periods in statutes waiving sovereign immunity are jurisdictional, and a court exercising its equitable authority may not expand its jurisdiction beyond the limits established by Congress. Houston, 823 F.2d at 898, 902. The FTCA also acts to waive the immunity of the United States; and this Court, in construing the statute of limitations which is a condition of that waiver, “should not take it upon [itself] to extend the waiver beyond that which Congress intended.” Kubrick, 444 U.S. at 118, 100 S.Ct. 352. We find that the bankruptcy court’s order of September 9, 1999, did not resurrect its jurisdiction and that said order is of no force or effect in tolling any limitations periods applicable to this matter.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the lower court’s dismissal of Appellant’s action for malicious prosecution and other prosecutorial misconduct as time-barred under the FTCA is

AFFIRMED.