Dilger v. Commonwealth, 88 Ky. 550 (Ky.)

JUDGE HOLT

delivered the opietoe oe the court.

The appellant, Charles Dilger, is under sentence of death. His counsel urge that the verdict is not the result of a fair trial, but of popular clamor. In a ease like this one, where, apparently at least, affluent circumstances and influential friends are lacking, those who administer the law should be especially alert, and stand like a wall between the passion of the hour and the object of

it, insuring to Mm, however humble, an impartial trial. Without this barrier no citizen is safe. Remove it and the liberty, or what is more, the life' of every individual is in danger. If the accused be given but the mere form of a trial, and made the victim of excited public sentiment or maddened popular feeling, then a degrading-judicial farce is enacted, and an example furnished likely to bé far-reaching for evil. Moved by these considerations, we have given this case as careful an examination as lies within our power.

Upon the night of August 15, 1888, and at about the midnight hour, the appellant was beating his mistress, Mary Burns, in an upstairs room occupied by them, in the city of Louisville. Her cries attracted the attention of Joseph Rosenberg and James W. Jones, who were the two policemen upon that beat, and they at once hastened to the house. They located the room where the offense was being committed by the noise, but just before they entered it the appellant stopped beating her, the cries ceased, and they knew of it, therefore, only by hearing and not by sight. The accused declined to be arrested by them, claiming that he had done nothing in their presence, and that therefore they could not arrest him without a warrant, since section 36 of our Criminal Code provides:

■“ grounds for believing that the person arrested has com- “ mitted a felony.”^,

The appellant testifies that upon this mere objection to arrest being made by him, and without any action upon his part, they commenced beating him with their “ billies.” His defense, therefore, was, that the attempted arrest was unlawful; and if not, that unnecessary force was used, and that he acted in self-defense. His testimony is, to some extent, sustained by other evidencé, but in our opinion it is overborne by other positive and circumstantial testimony, showing clearly that upon their offering to arrest him he at o.nce began to use his deadly bowie-knife, driving it into the brain of the one and the heart of the other, and killing them both almost instantly. It is plain, from the verdict, that the jury accepted this latter view of the bloody transaction.

The officers were dressed in their police uniform, and well known to the appellant to be policemen.

Unquestionably they had a right to make the arrest. While the offense of beating the woman was not committed in their sight, yet it was within their hearing, and when they were so near that they could not be mistaken as to the offender. This was in their presence, as contemplated by the law. Moreover, the instructions given to th’e jury told them that the offense for which the arrest was attempted must have been committed in the presence of the officers.

This conviction is for the killing of officer Jones.

An indictment was found September 17, 1888. The next day the appellant pleaded to it. It was then set for trial on September 25, 1888. Upon the last named day

the accused had it continued until October 11, 1888. October 10, 1888, an order was made upon the motion of' the attorney for the State dismissing the indictment, and reciting that the case was re-submitted to the grand jury, and the defendant held in custody. This was done without the knowledge of the appellant or his attorney, and without any reason therefor being entered of record. October 11, 1888, he moved the court to set aside this order. The motion was overruled. He complains of this action.

T,he statute of April 9, 1873, provides: “ That here- “ after, before the court shall permit any Commonwealth’s. “ attorney to dismiss any indictment, or enter a nolle pro- “ sequi in any ease, such attorney shall file a statement in “ writing, setting forth the reasons for such dismissal or “ such failure to prosecute, which statement shall be signed “ by said Commonwealth’s attorney, and an order shall “ be made on the record book of said court, and it shall “ remain with the papers of such prosecution as a part of “ the record.” (G-eneral Statutes, page 185.)

It was enacted because of the improper dismissal of indictments in some of the courts, and is merely directory. This dismissal was not one within the meaning of the law. It relates to cases where, as the result of the dismissal, the defendant is discharged. This is plainly so. Here the case was re-submitted to the grand jury, the accused held in custody, and a new indictment soon returned. It was not a discontinuance of the prosecution.

Moreover, we are unable to see how the appellant could have been prejudiced. The new indictment charged the same offense. No jeopardy had attached to the accused

under tlie former one. He did not attempt to plead the order of dismissal in bar of a prosecution upon the second indictment. It .operated merely as would an admission of defect in the first indictment, and a confession of demurrer to it.

Prior to the amendment of April 1, 1880, to the General Statutes, an accused was entitled to a change of venue, as a matter of right, upon the filing of his vei’ified ■petition, supported by the affidavits of two or more credible persons, not of kin to or counsel for him, and who were acquainted with the state of public opinion in the ■ county objected to, stating that he could not obtain a fair trial therein. At the time named, however, it was provided: “And the court shall, on such motion, hear all “ witnesses that may be produced by either party, and “ from the evidence determine whether or not the appli- “ cant is entitled to change of venue.”

In the language of the statute, the application is to be ■granted“if it appears that the defendant can not have a “ fair trial in the county where the proceeding is pend- “ ing.” It is his motion. The burden is upon him to show that he can not obtain such a trial. The lower ■ court determines it as he does any other question. His • decision is subject to review by this court; but, as was ■ said by it in the case of Hasson v. the Commonwealth .(March 16, 1889), “where the testimony is conflicting it “ would ordinarily hesitate to disturb his conclusion.”

In this instance the killing created, at the time, great ■ excitement. There was then much indignation against the appellant. The newspapers gave accounts of it calculated to influence and inflame public opinion. The

police force of the city was concentrated, and a military organization called out because of apprehension of mob' violence to the accused. It is shown, however, that when the application for a change of venue was heard, this excitement had in the main, if not altogether, subsided. New events had withdrawn public attention from the case. With the lapse of time the public pulse beat regularly. A large number of witnesses were introduced upon the trial of the motion for a change of venue. Some of them were but slightly and others more acquainted with the state of public opinion. A very large majority of them were of the opinion that the appellant could obtain an impartial jury and a fair trial in the county, and the judge being of this opinion, refused to change the venue. He probably knew most of the witnesses. He observed their manner and conduct. He was upon the ground, and for many reasons had a better opportunity to judge of the weight to be given to the evidence than we can by reading it upon paper. Upon such a state of case his judgment should not be reversed. The city has probably two hundred thousand people. The county also embraces a considerable country population, and it was fair to presume that from-all of them an unprejudiced jury could be selected not subject to be influenced by public sentiment. The sequel justified the court’s action. One trial, thereafter had, resulted in a hung jury. Upon the second and last one a jury was obtained without either side exhausting its peremptory challenges.

Subsequent to the first trial the appellant offered to file-a petition and affidavits, prepared in propria forma, and

entered a second motion for a change of venue. The-court refused to entertain it.

The statute provides: “Not more than one change of “ venue, nor application therefor, shall be allowed to any “ person in the same ease.” (Gleneral Statutes, chap. 12, art. 4, sec. 8.) It is urged that this provision is in conflict with section 12 of the Bill of Rights, which guarantees to an accused “ a speedy public trial by an impartial, “jury of the vicinage,” and is therefore unconstitutional, and void. This point is not presented by the record in this case, because no notice was given that this second application Avould be made, and we pass it by with the-suggestion, that if it had been properly made, yet no constitutional question would in fact have been involved. It is true the organic law guarantees to an accused a fair trial, but a change of venue is only one means to this end. The right to it is derived solely from the statute. In the absence of it no such right would exist, and yet, by reason of the constitutional provision, an accused could not be tried save by an-impartial jury. As the right is the creature of the statute, the extent of its exercise may be limited by the statute.

The evidence as to the deceased being a peace officer, and engaged in his duties as such when he was killed, Avas competent, although these facts were not set out in the indictment.

Mr. Wharton, in his Avork on Homicide, says: “ If a “ constable, watchman or other minister of justice be “ killed in the execution of his office, the special matter

need not be alleged, but tbe offender may be indicted generally of murder by malice prepense.”

It is, however, urged that the jury were, in substance, •instructed that under certain circumstances the officer might use unnecessary violence, although the statute says •that “ no unnecessary force or violence shall be used in ( making the arrest.” In. other words, that in order to make an arrest for mere misdemeanor the officer may •slay the offender. Our statute is silent, save as above cited, as to the force he may use. We must, therefore, turn to the common law for guidance. By it, in a case •of felony, he may use such force as is necessary to capture the felon, even to killing him when in flight. Where it is a misdemeanor, however, the rule is otherwise. It is his duty to make the arrest, but unless the ■offender is resisting to such an extent as to place the officer in danger of loss of life or great bodily harm, the latter can not kill him. He can only do so, or inflict great bodily harin, when, by reason of resistance, he is placed in the like danger. If he meet with resistance, he mkj oppose sufficient force to overcome it, even to the taking of life. This much is demanded, else the law would go unenforced, and the officer be at the mercy of the offender. If he puts the life of the officer in danger, then the latter may, se defendendo,* slay him; but he must use no greater force than is reasonably necessary, or apparently so, for his protection.

A careful 'reading of the instructions satisfies us that when considered as a whole they conform to this view, and that the jury did not understand from them that the officers had a right to use unnecessary force, as, for in

:stance, to kill the accused or inflict upon him great ■bodily harm because of a mere refusal to go with them. If some portions of the fourth instruction appear to be ■open to this objection, yet, when considered in connection with the balance of it, and the sixth one, and also the one .•given upon the request of the accused, we do not think the jury could have understood the law of the case as ■otherwise than above indicated.

The law did not require that they should have been ■■told the killing must have been malicious. The officer is the minister of the law; he represents its majesty; .his person is therefore clothed with a peculiar sanctity. An assault upon him, when properly engaged in •the execution of his duty, is an assault upon the law, and if he be stricken down at such time, as was ruthlessly -done in this instance, by one knowing him to be an -officer, it is murder, although the doer may not have any ■particular malice. (4 Blackstone, page 201; 1 East, page 303.)

The appellant has had two trials. There were four postponements of the case before the first trial and one thereafter. A careful inspection of the record satisfies us that he is guilty under the law; that he has been tried in accordance with it by an impartial jury; and it only remains for .us, unpleasant as is the duty, to affirm the judgment, which is accordingly done.