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Lipe v. (1)
(2025)
Case details
Full caption
Lipe v. Albuquerque Public Schools (1)
Country
United States
Jurisdiction
New Mexico (NM)
Court
New Mexico Supreme Court
Decided
2025
Majority
Gregory B. Wormuth (C. J.) (unanimous Court)
1
IN
THE
UNITED
STATES
DISTRICT
COURT
FOR
THE
DISTRICT
OF
NEW
MEXICO
TATIA
LIPE,
Plaintiff,
v.
Civ.
No.
23
‐
899
GBW/JMR
ALBUQUERQUE
PUBLIC
SCHOOLS,
Defendant.
SANCTIONS
ORDER
THIS
MATTER
comes
before
the
Court
pursuant
to
a
show
‐
cause
proceeding
held
on
June
26,
2025.
Doc.
122
.
Having
considered
the
law
and
held
a
hearing
on
the
matter,
the
Court
FINDS
that
Plaintiff’s
counsel,
Boglarka
Foghi,
violated
Federal
Rule
of
Civil
Procedure
11(b)(2),
and
therefore
orders
sanctions.
I.
B
ACKGROUND
Plainti
ff
brings
Americans
with
Disabilities
Act
(“ADA”)
and
New
Mexico
Whistleblower
Protection
Act
(“NMWPA”)
claims
against
Albuquerque
Public
Schools
(“Defendant”)
and
the
New
Mexico
Public
Education
Department
(“PED”)
based
on
actions
that
Defendant
and
PED
took
while
Plainti
ff
was
an
employee
of
Defendant.
See
generally
doc.
1
.
Plainti
ff
fi
led
the
operative
Complaint
for
Damages
in
federal
court
on
October
13,
2023.
Id.
PED
moved
to
dismiss
both
claims
against
it
on
July
1,
2024.
See
doc.
36
.
PED
was
dismissed
from
the
action
on
September
5,
2024.
Doc.
48
.
Case
1:23-cv-00899-GBW-JMR
Document
149
Filed
09/22/25
Page
1
of
11
2
The
present
issue
stems
from
a
particular
discovery
dispute.
On
March
28,
2025,
the
Honorable
Jennifer
M.
Rozzoni
fi
led
an
Order
Denying
Plainti
ff
’s
Motion
to
Strike
and
Se
tt
ing
Deadline
for
Defendant
APS
to
File
a
Response.
Doc.
94
.
On
April
4,
2025,
Plainti
ff
fi
led
her
Objection
to
Order
Denying
Motion
to
Strike
[Doc.
94]
and
Request
for
Prompt
Ruling
on
Fully
Briefed
Motion
to
Compel
[Doc.
88]
(“Objections”).
Doc.
97
.
Troublingly,
this
fi
ling
contained
citations
to
cases
that
do
not
exist,
as
well
as
citations
to
existing
cases
that
do
not
stand
for
the
associated
proposition.
See
generally
id.
On
April
8,
2025,
the
undersigned
issued
an
Order
Overruling
Plainti
ff
’s
Objections.
Doc.
99
.
On
May
7,
2025,
the
undersigned
issued
an
Order
for
Copies
of
Authorities,
requesting
that
Plainti
ff
produce
copies
of
the
authorities
cited
in
her
Objections
that
the
Court
was
unable
to
fi
nd.
Doc.
104
.
Plainti
ff
fi
led
her
Notice
of
Errata
and
Correction
of
Authorities
in
Response
to
Court
Order
[Doc.
104]
(“Notice
of
Errata”)
on
May
12,
2025.
Doc.
106
.
There,
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
explained
that,
upon
review
of
Plainti
ff
’s
Objections,
she
“identi
fi
ed
clerical
citation
errors
in
prior
fi
lings
and
submits
this
correction.”
Id.
at
1.
She
stated
that
a
mix
of
“clerical
error,”
“the
complexities
inherent
in
managing
voluminous
case
materials,”
retention
of
incorrect
citations
from
“early
‐
stage
research,”
and
“signi
fi
cant
time
constraints”
caused
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
to
submit
a
document
containing
a
number
of
erroneous
citations.
Id.
at
2
‐
5.
Plainti
ff
also
provided
new
authorities
that
supported
the
Case
1:23-cv-00899-GBW-JMR
Document
149
Filed
09/22/25
Page
2
of
11
3
original
propositions
contained
in
her
Objections.
1
See
generally
id.
While
these
new
citations
were
to
existing
cases,
one
of
the
cases
was
presented
as
having
a
quote
that
does
not
exist
within
the
text
of
the
cited
case.
Compare
doc.
106
at
2
with
Ogden
v.
San
Juan
Cnty.
,
32
F.3d
452
(10th
Cir.
1994).
Four
days
later,
Plainti
ff
submi
tt
ed
another
fi
ling
with
questionable
citations,
her
Reply
in
Support
of
Motion
to
Compel
(“Reply”).
Doc.
107
.
This
fi
ling
also
included
citations
to
cases
that
do
not
exist,
as
well
as
cases
cited
for
propositions
for
which
they
do
not
stand.
See
generally
id.
;
see
also
doc.
113
(explaining
the
citation
issues
in
the
Reply).
Upon
review
of
Plainti
ff
’s
Notice
of
Errata,
the
undersigned
issued
an
Order
Se
tt
ing
Show
Cause
Hearing
set
for
June
26,
2025,
to
address
concerns
about
the
accuracy
and
relevance
of
Plainti
ff
’s
citations
in
her
Objections
and
Notice,
as
well
as
the
representations
in
the
subsequent
fi
lings.
Doc.
108
.
On
June
4,
2025,
Judge
Rozzoni
issued
an
Order
striking
Defendant’s
supplemental
response
(
doc.
105
),
striking
Plainti
ff
’s
Reply
(
doc.
107
),
and
notifying
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
of
her
potentially
sanctionable
conduct.
See
doc.
114
.
In
addition
to
addressing
the
grave
issues
with
Plainti
ff
’s
citations,
Judge
Rozzoni
also
noted
that
the
Reply
was
“rife
with
conclusions
and
accusations
that
are
not
tied
to
any
facts
of
this
case.”
Id.
at
4.
1
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
sent
copies
of
these
new
cases
to
the
Court’s
proposed
text
inbox
in
response
to
its
Order
for
Copies
of
Authorities
(
doc.
104
).
Case
1:23-cv-00899-GBW-JMR
Document
149
Filed
09/22/25
Page
3
of
11
4
On
June
23,
2025,
three
days
before
the
show
cause
hearing,
Plainti
ff
fi
led
her
Notice
of
Clari
fi
cation
Regarding
Inadvertent
Citation
Errors
and
Professional
Responsibility
(“Clari
fi
cation”).
Doc.
119
.
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
states
that
the
Clari
fi
cation
was
“submi
tt
ed
in
furtherance
of
Rule
11(b)
compliance
and
in
preparation
for
the
upcoming
show
‐
cause
hearing.”
Id.
at
2.
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
fi
rst
argues
that
the
issues
with
her
Objections
were
properly
explained
in
the
Notice.
Id.
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
then
states
that
the
issues
in
the
Reply
were
due
to
it
being
an
“internal
draft
containing
incomplete
citations,
placeholder
quotations,
and
unveri
fi
ed
references
fi
led
inadvertently
due
to
clerical
oversight.”
Id.
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
also
notes
that
she
took
several
remedial
actions:
Hired
experienced
legal
support
personnel
trained
in
citation
veri
fi
cation
and
court
‐
compliant
procedures;
Instituted
a
dual
‐
stage
internal
review
process
for
all
fi
lings
to
ensure
source
accuracy
and
procedural
compliance;
Required
exclusive
use
of
primary
legal
research
databases
(e.g.,
Westlaw)
for
citation
validation.
Id.
at
3.
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
outlines
why
the
existing
cases
she
cited
in
her
Reply
are
inapt
and
explains
that
the
nonexistent
cases
included
in
her
Reply
“do
not
correspond
to
published
decisions
and
were
placeholder
references
retained
from
early
research
drafts
that
were
not
removed
prior
to
fi
ling.”
Id.
at
4.
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
argues
that,
because
the
Reply
was
stricken
from
the
record,
the
incorrect
and
nonexistent
citations
would
not
“in
fl
uence
the
proceedings.”
Id.
at
5.
Case
1:23-cv-00899-GBW-JMR
Document
149
Filed
09/22/25
Page
4
of
11
5
Anticipating
the
possibility
of
sanctions,
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
argues
that
the
errors
were
“inadvertent,
promptly
corrected,
and
not
the
result
of
bad
faith
or
improper
purpose.”
Id.
at
6.
She
also
argues
that
the
“citation
inaccuracies
were
addressed
promptly
through
the
fi
ling
[of
the
Notice]
as
soon
as
counsel
became
aware
of
them,”
and
that
her
“actions
were
taken
in
the
spirit
of
the
safe
harbor
provision
under
Rule
11(c)(2),
which
encourages
prompt
withdrawal
or
correction
of
challenged
material.”
Id.
At
the
show
cause
hearing
on
June
26,
2025,
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
provided
a
more
accurate
explanation
regarding
the
erroneous
citations.
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
explained
that
she
outlined
the
arguments
for
the
o
ff
ending
fi
lings
but
relied
on
her
paralegal
and
another
legal
contractor
to
actually
draft
the
language
of
the
fi
lings
including
the
citations
to
legal
support.
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
admi
tt
ed
that
she
did
not
verify
the
citations
or
any
quotations
a
tt
ributed
to
various
courts
in
any
fashion.
Doc.
122
at
2.
She
conceded
that
the
unreviewed
use
of
arti
fi
cial
intelligence
(“AI”)
products
to
obtain
the
citations
and
quotations
for
the
fi
lings
is
the
only
explanation
for
the
citations
to
non
‐
existent
cases
and
for
the
fi
ctional
“quotations.”
2
Id.
at
3.
When
asked
what
she
thinks
her
sanctions
2
A
hallucination
occurs
when
an
AI
database
generates
fake
sources
of
information.
To
explain
how
this
occurs:
AI
models
are
trained
on
data,
and
they
learn
to
make
predictions
by
fi
nding
pa
tt
erns
in
the
data.
However,
the
accuracy
of
these
predictions
often
depends
on
the
quality
and
completeness
of
the
training
data.
If
the
training
data
is
incomplete,
biased,
or
otherwise
fl
awed,
the
AI
model
may
learn
incorrect
pa
tt
erns,
leading
to
inaccurate
predictions
or
hallucinations.
Wadsworth
v.
Walmart
Inc.
,
348
F.R.D.
489,
493
(D.
Wyo.
Feb.
24,
2025)
(citation
omi
tt
ed).
Case
1:23-cv-00899-GBW-JMR
Document
149
Filed
09/22/25
Page
5
of
11
6
should
be,
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
expressed
that
she
would
accept
whatever
action
the
Court
considers
appropriate.
Id.
at
4.
II.
L
EGAL
S
TANDARDS
Rule
11
of
the
Federal
Rules
of
Civil
Procedure
establishes
the
standard
that
a
tt
orneys
and
parties
must
meet
when
fi
ling
documents
in
federal
court.
Speci
fi
cally,
Rule
11(b)(2)
states
that
an
a
tt
orney
presenting
“a
pleading,
wri
tt
en
motion,
or
other
paper—whether
by
signing,
fi
ling,
submi
tt
ing,
or
later
advocating
it”—to
a
court
“certi
fi
es
that
to
the
best
of
the
person
ʹ
s
knowledge,
information,
and
belief,
formed
after
an
inquiry
reasonable
under
the
circumstances
.
.
.
(2)
the
claims,
defenses,
and
other
legal
contentions
are
warranted
by
existing
law
or
by
a
nonfrivolous
argument
for
extending,
modifying,
or
reversing
existing
law
or
for
establishing
new
law[.]”
Fed.
R.
Civ.
P.
11(b).
A
failure
to
comply
with
such
obligations
may
result
in
a
sanction.
See
Fed.
R.
Civ.
P.
11(c).
In
determining
whether
sanctions
are
warranted,
the
trial
court
conducts
a
two
‐
step
analysis.
Adamson
v.
Bowen
,
855
F.2d
668,
672
(10th
Cir.
1988).
First,
the
court
must
fi
nd
a
fi
ling
violates
Rule
11.
Id.
When
determining
whether
a
Rule
11
violation
has
occurred,
an
a
tt
orney
ʹ
s
conduct
is
evaluated
based
on
“objective
reasonableness—
whether
a
reasonable
a
tt
orney
admi
tt
ed
to
practice
before
the
district
court
would
fi
le
such
a
document.”
Id.
at
673.
“If
after
reasonable
inquiry,
a
competent
a
tt
orney
could
not
form
a
reasonable
belief
that
the
pleading
is
well
grounded
in
fact
and
is
warranted
Case
1:23-cv-00899-GBW-JMR
Document
149
Filed
09/22/25
Page
6
of
11
7
by
existing
law,
then
such
conduct
is
sanctionable
under
Rule
11.”
Id.
(internal
quotation
marks
and
citations
omi
tt
ed).
Second,
if
the
conduct
violates
Rule
11,
a
court
may
then
impose
a
suitable
sanction.
Id.
at
672.
III.
P
LAINTIFF
’
S
R
ULE
11
V
IOLATION
At
the
fi
rst
step,
the
Court
fi
nds
that
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel’s
conduct
violated
Rule
11.
“A
fake
opinion
is
not
existing
law
and
citation
to
a
fake
opinion
does
not
provide
a
non
‐
frivolous
ground
for
extending,
modifying,
or
reversing
existing
law,
or
for
establishing
new
law.
Thus,
using
a
fake
opinion
to
support
an
argument
is
a
violation
of
Rule
11(b)(2).”
Wadsworth,
348
F.R.D.
at
495
(internal
quotation
marks
and
citations
omi
tt
ed).
“Quite
obviously,
many
harms
fl
ow
from
[the
use
of
fabricated
citations]—including
wasting
the
opposing
party
ʹ
s
time
and
money,
the
Court
ʹ
s
time
and
resources,
and
reputational
harms
to
the
legal
system
(to
name
a
few).”
Morgan
v.
Cmty.
Against
Violence
,
2023
WL
6976510,
at
*8
(D.N.M.
Oct.
23,
2023).
Furthermore,
“[s]igning
a
legal
document
ensures
that
the
a
tt
orney
read
the
document
and
conducted
a
reasonable
inquiry
into
the
existing
law.”
Wadsworth,
348
F.R.D.
at
495
(citations
omi
tt
ed).
This
requirement
is
a
“nondelegable
responsibility
.
.
.
[and]
blind
reliance
on
another
a
tt
orney
can
be
an
improper
delegation
of
this
duty
and
a
violation
of
Rule
11.”
Id.
at
495
‐
96
(citations
and
quotations
omi
tt
ed).
Here,
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
admits
that
several
citations
in
the
Objections
and
Reply
do
not
exist.
See
doc.
122
at
2
‐
3.
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
states
that
the
inclusion
of
at
least
Case
1:23-cv-00899-GBW-JMR
Document
149
Filed
09/22/25
Page
7
of
11
8
some
of
these
citation
errors
was
caused
by
contributions
from
her
paralegal
or
another
individual
who
assisted
in
drafting
the
documents.
Id.
at
2.
Nonetheless,
she
admits
that
she
did
not
verify
the
citations
and
takes
full
responsibility
for
the
errors.
Id.
Thus,
the
Court
fi
nds
that
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel’s
conduct,
both
in
submi
tt
ing
the
brie
fi
ng
in
question
without
verifying
the
accuracy
of
its
contents
and
in
submi
tt
ing
brie
fi
ng
that
contains
fake
citations,
violates
Rule
11.
3
IV.
S
ANCTIONS
The
Court
now
turns
to
the
question
of
sanctions
for
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel’s
Rule
11
violation.
After
a
district
court
has
found
that
a
violation
occurred,
it
has
“‘broad
discretion
to
impose
Rule
11
sanctions.’”
King
v.
Fleming
,
899
F.3d
1140,
1148
(10th
Cir.
2018)
(quoting
Cooter
&
Gell
v.
Hartmarx
Corp.
,
496
U.S.
384,
407
(1990)).
But
even
so,
the
court
must
limit
the
sanction
to
one
that
is
su
ffi
cient
to
deter
the
conduct
or
comparable
conduct
by
others
similarly
situated.
Fed.
R.
Civ.
P.
11(c)(4).
The
case
at
bar
is
by
no
means
the
fi
rst
where
a
party
has
submi
tt
ed
fabricated
case
names
caused
by
the
use
of
3
In
the
Clari
fi
cation,
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
insists
that
she
promptly
fi
led
the
Notice
“in
the
spirit
of
the
safe
harbor
provision
under
Rule
11(c)(2),
which
encourages
prompt
withdrawal
or
correction
of
challenged
material.”
Doc.
119
at
6.
However,
the
safe
harbor
provision
states
that
a
motion
for
sanctions
“must
not
be
fi
led
or
be
presented
to
the
court
if
the
challenged
paper,
claim,
defense,
contention,
or
denial
is
withdrawn
or
appropriately
corrected
within
21
days
after
service
or
within
another
time
the
court
sets.”
Fed.
R.
Civ.
P.
11(c)(2).
“As
the
Tenth
Circuit
has
made
explicit,
the
safe
harbor
provision
does
not
apply
when
a
court
awards
sanctions
on
its
own
initiative.”
Dehghani
v.
Castro
,
728
F.
Supp..
3d
1051,
1061
(D.N.M.
2025)
(internal
quotations
and
citation
omi
tt
ed).
While
the
Court
notes
the
timely
response
to
its
Order
for
Copies
of
Authorities
(
doc.
104
),
these
sanctions
are
on
the
Court’s
initiative,
and
thus
the
safe
‐
harbor
provision
is
inapplicable.
Case
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9
an
AI
tool.
See
Dehghani
v.
Castro
,
2025
WL
988009,
at
*5
(D.N.M.
Apr.
2,
2025)
(collecting
cases),
a
ffʹ
d
,
782
F.
Supp.
3d
1051
(D.N.M.
2025);
Mavy
v.
Comm’r
of
Soc.
Sec.
,
2025
WL
2355222
(D.
Ariz.
Aug.
14,
2025).
For
citing
nonexistent
authorities,
courts
have
required
the
o
ff
ending
party
to
(1)
pay
fi
nes
to
the
court,
Bunce
v.
Visual
Tech.
Innovations,
Inc.
,
2025
WL
662398,
at
*4
(E.D.
Pa.
Feb.
27,
2025);
(2)
complete
a
CLE
course,
Gauthier
v.
Goodyear
Tire
&
Rubber
Co.
,
2024
WL
4882651,
at
*3
(E.D.
Tex.
Nov.
25,
2024);
or
(3)
report
themselves
to
the
appropriate
state
bars,
Dehghani,
2025
WL
988009,
at
*5.
As
for
what
sanctions
are
proper
in
this
case,
the
Court
inquired
with
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel,
who
responded
that
she
would
accept
the
sanctions
that
the
Court
deemed
appropriate.
Doc.
122
at
4.
The
Court
takes
into
account
that
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
completed
a
CLE
course
on
the
use
of
AI
in
legal
practice
in
anticipation
of
the
show
cause
hearing
on
the
ma
tt
er.
Id.
at
2.
The
Court
also
notes
that
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
understands
that
she
should
have
veri
fi
ed
the
accuracy
of
these
citations,
that
this
error
was
her
responsibility,
and
that
there
are
no
excuses
for
her
conduct.
Id.
at
2
‐
3.
However,
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel’s
misconduct
was
egregious
and
repeated.
Not
only
did
she
not
verify
the
accuracy
of
the
initial
fi
ling,
but
her
response
to
the
Court
after
this
failure
was
brought
to
her
a
tt
ention
was
less
than
forthright
and
contained
similar
errors.
See
docs.
97
,
106
.
Incredibly,
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
then
fi
led
an
additional
document
with
the
same
citation
issues.
Doc.
107
.
For
each
of
these
fi
lings,
the
most
basic
review
of
the
law
Case
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10
cited
by
Plainti
ff
would
have
revealed
the
blatant
errors.
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel,
thus,
failed
to
conduct
the
necessary
review
at
least
three
times.
As
the
Court
indicated
at
the
hearing,
it
is
unpersuaded
that
a
CLE
course
on
the
use
of
AI
in
the
legal
profession
is
a
su
ffi
cient
sanction
to
deter
this
conduct.
See
doc.
122
at
4.
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel’s
failure
is
not
the
use
of
an
AI
tool—the
Court
does
not
discourage
responsible
use
of
the
ever
‐
growing
array
of
legal
technologies
from
which
modern
lawyers
can
draw.
Her
real
failure
is
one
of
delegation,
diligence,
and
response.
“There
is
simply
no
reason
for
an
a
tt
orney
to
fail
to
ful
fi
ll
[the]
obligation
[to
check
the
soundness
of
authorities].
Such
has
been
the
view
for
decades:
‘It
is
really
inexcusable
for
any
lawyer
to
fail,
as
a
ma
tt
er
of
routine,
to
Shepardize
all
cited
cases[.]’”
Mid
Cent.
Operating
Eng
ʹ
rs
Health
&
Welfare
Fund
v.
HoosierVac
LLC
,
2025
WL
574234,
at
*2
(S.D.
Ind.
Feb.
21,
2025),
report
and
recommendation
adopted
as
modi
fi
ed
,
2025
WL
1511211
(S.D.
Ind.
May
28,
2025)
(quoting
Gosnell
v.
Rentokil,
Inc.
,
175
F.R.D.
508,
510
n.1
(N.D.
Ill.
1997)).
Accordingly,
the
Court
fi
nds
that
the
following
sanctions
are
proper
to
deter
this
conduct
in
the
future:
1.
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
is
ordered
to
pay
a
fi
ne
of
$3,000
to
the
Clerk
of
Court
for
the
District
of
New
Mexico;
and
2.
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
is
ordered
to
self
‐
report
to
the
New
Mexico
and
Arizona
state
bar
disciplinary
boards,
explaining
this
incident
and
a
tt
aching
a
copy
of
this
Order
along
with
the
fi
lings
at
docs.
97,
104,
106,
107,
108,
114
and
119
as
exhibits.
Case
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11
V.
C
ONCLUSION
For
the
foregoing
reasons,
the
Court
fi
nds
that
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
violated
Federal
Rule
of
Civil
Procedure
11(b)(2)
by
submi
tt
ing
a
fi
ling
to
the
court
without
adequately
reviewing
it
for
accuracy,
failing
to
verify
its
correctness,
and
citing
authorities
that
do
not
exist.
The
Court
thus
sanctions
counsel
under
Rule
11(c)
as
outlined
above.
The
Court
fi
nds
that
these
sanctions
are
not
more
severe
than
reasonably
necessary
to
deter
repetition
of
this
conduct
or
deter
conduct
by
others
who
are
in
similar
circumstances.
IT
IS
THEREFORE
ORDERED
that
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
is
sanctioned
a
fi
ne
of
$3,000
and
shall
pay
the
amount
to
the
Clerk
of
Court
for
the
District
of
New
Mexico
within
10
days
of
this
issuance
of
this
Order
.
IT
IS
FURTHER
ORDERED
that
within
30
days
of
this
issuance
of
this
Order,
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
must
self
‐
report
to
both
New
Mexico
and
Arizona
state
bar
disciplinary
boards,
explaining
this
incident
and
a
tt
aching
a
copy
of
this
Order
along
with
the
fi
lings
at
docs.
97,
104,
106,
107,
108,
114
and
119
as
exhibits.
IT
IS
FURTHER
ORDERED
that,
by
October
31,
2025
,
Plainti
ff
’s
counsel
must
submit
proof
to
the
Court
that
she
has
completed
these
sanctions.
_____________________________________________
GREGORY
B.
WORMUTH
CHIEF
UNITED
STATES
MAGISTRATE
JUDGE
Presiding
by
Consent
Case
1:23-cv-00899-GBW-JMR
Document
149
Filed
09/22/25
Page
11
of
11
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