Pope v. ux, 711 S.W.2d 622 (Tex. 1986)

PER CURIAM.

The question is whether the court of appeals applied the proper remittitur standard. The court of appeals remitted $50,-000 in damages in a personal injury suit, although the court found the evidence for these damages legally and factually sufficient. Because we believe the court of appeals applied an improper remittitur standard, we modify its judgment.

On February 28, 1982, Ronnie Moore rode in a motorcycle race at the Flying-P Ranch and Cycle Park in Parker County, Texas. While riding, he fell off his motorcycle, collided head first with a railroad tie,

and broke his neck. Moore and his wife, Sandra, filed suit against Pope, individually and d/b/a Flying-P Ranch and Cycle Park; Dallas Emergency Corps, d/b/a Lifecare Ambulance Service; and Cross-Country of Texas, Inc. The Moores alleged that the defendants were negligent in failing to properly design the racetrack, in failing to advise of known dangers at the racetrack (the railroad tie), and in failing to properly ensure that the racetrack was safe for its intended purposes. Pope was served but did not answer.

The trial court rendered a no-answer default judgment against Pope, and after hearing evidence on damages, awarded the Moores $289,000. The trial court then severed the Moores’ claims against the other defendants. In an unpublished opinion, the court of appeals affirmed the judgment, but remitted $17,000 in past medical expenses and $50,000 in future damages, including future medical expenses, lost wages, pain and suffering, and loss of consortium.

The Moores contest the court of appeals’ standard in remitting $50,000 in future damages, including medical expenses, lost wages, pain and suffering, and loss of consortium. In remitting these damages, the court of appeals reviewed all the evidence on damages and then stated:

The Moores contend that the proper remit-titur standard is factual sufficiency, and therefore, the court of appeals could not order a remittitur after finding the evidence for their damages factually sufficient. We agree.

Tex.R.Civ.P. 440 states:

We have jurisdiction because determining the proper remittitur standard is a question of law. Flanigan v. Carswell, 159 Tex. 598, 324 S.W.2d 835, 839 (1959). The often cited remittitur standard is set forth in Wilson v. Freeman:

185 S.W. 993, 994 (Tex.1916), paraphrased in Flanigan v. Carswell, 324 S.W.2d at 850. The court of appeals interpreted Wilson to mean that a court must decide, on its own and outside the record, upon a reasonable amount of damages, then remit the excess regardless of the factual or legal sufficiency of the evidence. Courts of appeals do not use this approach in determining any other fact question. E. Smith, Texas Remittitur Practice, 14 Sw.LJ. 150, 156 (1960); Compare In re King’s Estate, 150 Tex. 662, 244 S.W.2d 660, 662 (1951).

Wilson indicates that the proper remit-titur standard is factual sufficiency: “[t]he question of the excessiveness of a verdict in this character of a suit is •purely a question of fact, upon which the judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals is final.” 185 S.W. at 994 (emphasis added). See also Dallas Ry. & Terminal Co. v. Farnsworth, 148 Tex. 584, 227 S.W.2d 1017, 1022 (1950). Moreover, in Wilson we construed the court of appeals’ opinion as finding the evidence factually insufficient to support the jury’s award, holding therefore, that it was mandatory for the court of appeals to determine the amount of excess. Wilson v. Freeman, 185 S.W. 993, 994.

Factual sufficiency is the sole remit-titur standard for actual damages. We disapprove of other remittitur standards, such as applied here by the court of appeals or in Armellini Express Lines of Florida, Inc. v. Ansley, 605 S.W.2d 297, 310 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus Christi 1980, writ ref’d n.r.e.). In determining whether damages are excessive, trial courts and courts of appeals should employ the same test as for any factual insufficiency question.1

Lower courts should examine all the evidence in the record to determine whether sufficient evidence supports the damage award, remitting only if some portion is so factually insufficient or so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust. Courts of appeals also should detail the relevant evidence, and if remitting, state clearly why the jury’s finding is so factually insufficient or so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust. Pool v. Ford Motor Co. (Tex.1986). Lower courts need not find passion, prejudice, or other improper motive on the jury’s part to order a remittitur. Flanigan v. Carswell, 324 S.W.2d at 841; Dallas Ry. & Terminal Co. v. Farnsworth, 227 S.W.2d at 1022.

Since the proper remittitur standard is factual sufficiency, it was improper for the court of appeals to order a remittitur after finding factual sufficiency. The court of appeals’ holding is contrary to Wilson v. Freeman; therefore, pursuant to Tex.R. Civ.P. 483, we grant Moore’s application for writ of error and without hearing oral argument, reform the court of appeals’ judgment and reinstate $50,000 plus prejudgment interest. Because the court of appeals has already found factual sufficiency, we render judgment rather than remand the cause. We refuse Pope’s application for writ of error with the notation, “no reversible error.”